This course provides students with fundamentals of cellular biology. Topics include chemical components of cells, cell structure and function, membrane transport, osmosis, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, plant histology and structures, plant organs and reproduction, and plant essential nutrients. Principles governing genetics, gene expression, and reproduction are introduced. Laboratory methods used to make observations and collect data are practiced. Recording observations and analysis of data are emphasized in formal written laboratory reports. Laboratory activities complement classroom activities.

This course provides students with fundamentals of biological concepts and processes. Topics include animal form and function, nutritional and excretory requirements, and homeostatic mechanisms and their regulation in organisms. Principles governing the concept of biological evolution and genomic evolution are introduced. Laboratory methods used to make observations and collect data are practiced. Recording observations and analysis of data are emphasized in formal written laboratory reports. Laboratory activities complement classroom activities.